systematic review and meta-analysis of associations · 2025
Who was studied
11 studies, predominantly involving preschool children; academic measures centered on reading and mathematics.
What the research found
Fine motor measures were associated with academic measures, with relationships varying by skill and assessment.
Limitations
Associations do not establish causality; definitions and measures varied, and the eligible literature was limited.
What this does not establish
That handwriting worksheets, tracing or a commercial fine-motor kit raise reading or mathematics attainment.
Read the original source
Source checked: 2026-10-21. Publisher full text opened. Published 9 January 2025 although DOI and volume include 2024.